As a DBA there may be a time when you want to try and ascertain how much CPU time each of your databases is consuming. This is useful to complement high CPU investigations or to just try and understand which of your databases overall is the highest CPU consumer over time.

The out of the box reporting that Management Studio provides is sadly missing this report so we have to run some T-SQL to extract it.

As with other DMV’s, the statistics produced are only available from the time when the SQL Server was started and can change over the course of the day. It’s important to remember that these are cumulative figures and may not correlate to any current spike in CPU performance caused by some heavy query.

The DMV can only report on the data that is available in the plan cache. If the plan cache is experiencing lots of churn, the report becomes less accurate.

If you want to track this data over time, you will need to capture data at regular intervals and persist it to some kind of logging table or file.

So here is some code to do it:

WITH CPU_Per_Db
AS
(SELECT 
 dmpa.DatabaseID
 , DB_Name(dmpa.DatabaseID) AS [Database]
 , SUM(dmqs.total_worker_time) AS CPUTimeAsMS
 FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats dmqs 
 CROSS APPLY 
 (SELECT 
 CONVERT(INT, value) AS [DatabaseID] 
 FROM sys.dm_exec_plan_attributes(dmqs.plan_handle)
 WHERE attribute = N'dbid') dmpa
 GROUP BY dmpa.DatabaseID)
 
 SELECT 
 [Database] 
 ,[CPUTimeAsMS] 
 ,CAST([CPUTimeAsMS] * 1.0 / SUM([CPUTimeAsMS]) OVER() * 100.0 AS DECIMAL(5, 2)) AS [CPUTimeAs{96f5cbaad583fb885ff5d18ecce5734bf1e8596949521e20c290401929518f75}]
 FROM CPU_Per_Db
 ORDER BY [CPUTimeAsMS] DESC;

This is what the results looks like on my test instance.

I hope you found this useful 🙂

As a DBA it’s important to understand what the buffer pool is doing and which databases are using it the most.

Data in SQL Server is stored on disk in 8k pages. The buffer pool (Aka “buffer cache”) is a chunk of memory allocated to SQL Server. It’s size is determined by the minimum and maximum memory settings in SQL Server memory options:

sp_configure 'min server memory (MB)'
go
sp_configure 'max server memory (MB)';

name                                minimum     maximum     config_value run_value
----------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------ -----------
min server memory (MB)              0           2147483647  0            16

name                                minimum     maximum     config_value run_value
----------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------ -----------
max server memory (MB)              128         2147483647  2147483647   2147483647

Data is processed via the buffer pool. When an application requests some data for reading and those pages are not in the buffer pool, the server has to read them from disk. These are known as physical reads. If those pages have been read already into the buffer pool, these are known as logical reads and will typically return to the application more quickly than the physical reads – memory is faster than disk.

The buffer pool is also where modifications are made to pages (dirty pages) before those changes are persisted to storage.

If sufficient memory is not available, pages are aged out of the buffer and space is made available for the pages being read from disk when they are requested. Excessive “churn” of pages in the buffer pool could indicate that it is sized too small. The Page Life Expectancy counter can be used to help diagnose if this is a problem on your server.

The buffer pool is a critical area of the system that must be adequately sized for optimal performance.

SQL Server can tell you how many of those pages reside in the buffer pool. It can also tell you which databases those pages belong to. We can use sys.dm_os_buffer_descriptors to provide this information as it returns a row for each page found in the buffer pool at a database level.

SELECT 
  CASE WHEN database_id = 32767 THEN 'ResourceDB' ELSE DB_NAME(database_id) END AS DatabaseName,
  COUNT(*) AS cached_pages,
  (COUNT(*) * 8.0) / 1024 AS MBsInBufferPool
FROM
  sys.dm_os_buffer_descriptors
GROUP BY
  database_id
ORDER BY
  MBsInBufferPool DESC
GO

DatabaseName                   cached_pages MBsInBufferPool
------------------------------ ------------ ---------------------------------------
ResourceDB                     2968         23.187500
AdventureWorks2012             2614         20.421875
msdb                           438          3.421875
master                         390          3.046875
ReportServer                   332          2.593750
AdventureWorksDW2012           245          1.914062
tempdb                         225          1.757812
PerformanceDW                  205          1.601562
ReportServerTempDB             172          1.343750
Test                           155          1.210937
model                          66           0.515625

(17 row(s) affected)

The data tells us what is in the buffer pool at that moment in time. These results can change quickly depending on the activity of the server. Tracking this data over the course of a day for example would require some kind of job to periodically run this query and capture the output to file or logging table.

The data can be reset if the buffer pool is emptied either upon a SQL Server restart or by executing DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS which will clear out the unmodified (clean) pages from the buffer pool.

Emptying the buffer pool of clean pages by running DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS will increase load on the disks and decrease application performance until the cache fills again.